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| From: http://www.dickshovel.com/lsa3.html The founding fathers on that rock shared common characteristics. All four valued white supremacy and promoted the extirpation of Indian society. The United States' founding fathers were staunchly anti-Indian advocates in that at one time or another, all four provided for genocide against Indian peoples of this hemisphere. George Washington... In 1779, George Washington instructed Major General John Sullivan to attack Iroquois people. Washington stated, "lay waste all the settlements around...that the country may not be merely overrun, but destroyed". In the course of the carnage and annihilation of Indian people, Washington also instructed his general not "listen to any overture of peace before the total ruin of their settlements is effected". (Stannard, David E. AMERICAN HOLOCAUST. New York: Oxford University Press, 1992. pp. 118-121.) In 1783, Washington's anti-Indian sentiments were apparent in his comparisons of Indians with wolves: "Both being beast of prey, tho' they differ in shape", he said. George Washington's policies of extermination were realized in his troops behaviors following a defeat. Troops would skin the bodies of Iroquois "from the hips downward to make boot tops or leggings". Indians who survived the attacks later re-named the nation's first president as "Town Destroyer". Approximately 28 of 30 Seneca towns had been destroyed within a five year period. (Ibid) Thomas Jefferson... In 1807, Thomas Jefferson instructed his War Department that, should any Indians resist against America stealing Indian lands, the Indian resistance must be met with "the hatchet". Jefferson continued, "And...if ever we are constrained to lift the hatchet against any tribe, " he wrote, "we will never lay it down till that tribe is exterminated, or is driven beyond the Mississippi." Jefferson, the slave owner, continued, "in war, they will kill some of us; we shall destroy all of them". (Ibid) In 1812, Jefferson said that American was obliged to push the backward Indians "with the beasts of the forests into the Stony Mountains". One year later Jefferson continued anti-Indian statements by adding that America must "pursue [the Indians] to extermination, or drive them to new seats beyond our reach". (Ibid) Abraham Lincoln... In 1862, President Abraham Lincoln ordered the execution, by hanging, of 38 Dakota Sioux prisoners in Mankato, Minnesota. Most of those executed were holy men or political leaders of their camps. None of them were responsible for committing the crimes they were accused of. Coined as the Largest Mass Execution in U.S. History. (Brown, Dee. BURY MY HEART AT WOUNDED KNEE. New York: Holt, Rinehart, Winston, 1970. pp. 59-61) Theodore Roosevelt... The fourth face you see on that "Stony Mountain" is America's first twentieth century president, alleged American hero, and Nobel peace prize recipient, Theodore Roosevelt. This Indian fighter firmly grasped the notion of Manifest Destiny saying that America's extermination of the Indians and thefts our their lands "was ultimately beneficial as it was inevitable". Roosevelt once said, "I don't go so far as to think that the only good Indians are dead Indians, but I believe nine out of ten are, and I shouldn't like to inquire too closely into the case of the tenth". (Stannard, Op.Cit.) The apathy displayed by these founding fathers symbolize the demoralization related to racial superiority. Scholars point toward this racial polarization as evidence of the existence of Eugenics. Eugenics is a new term for an old phenomena which asserts that Indian people should be exterminated because they are an inferior race of people. Jefferson's suggestion to pursue the Indians to extermination fits well into the eugenistic vision. In David Stannard's study American Holocaust, he writes: "had these same words been enunciated by a German leader in 1939, and directed at European Jews, they would be engraved in modern memory. Since they were uttered by one of America's founding fathers, however...they conveniently have become lost to most historians in their insistent celebration of Jefferson's wisdom and humanity." Roosevelt feared that American upper classes were being replaced by the "unrestricted breeding" of inferior racial stocks, the "utterly shiftless", and the "worthless" (Ibid) |
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| Flags of the Native Peoples of the US All US Tribes Main Access Map Index American Indian Reservation Summary BIA Criteria for Acknowledgement as an Indian Tribe Indian Identity: Who Is Drawing the Boundaries? Indian Nations: The United States and Citizenship 1983 Map of Native American Tribes, Culture Areas, and Linguistic Stocks Smithsonian Institution Native American Population Statistics US Census statitics for 1980 and 1990 compared for Native Americans Native American Socio-Economic Characteristics Education, Occupation, Income Native American Languages Spoken in the Home The Indian Removal Act of 1830 The White Buffalo - This site contains the worst lies of all Tribal Leaders Discuss the Importance of the April 1, 2000 U.S. Census Tribal Leaders List and Agency Information Bureau of Indian Affairs U.S. Census Bureau General Information U.S. Federal and State Reservation Map When is a Tribe a Tribe? |
NATIVE AMERICAN LAW Treaty 7 Tribal Council The Indian Defense League of America Bureau of Indian Affairs this page is not available as of 8-30-02 due to a law suit Selected United States Supreme Court Native American Law Decisions 18 U.S.C., Chapter 35 (Indians) Provides the full text and a keyword search. 28 U.S.C. § 1362 (Indian tribes) 42 U.S.C., Chapter 22 (Indian Hospitals and Health Facilities) Provides the full text and a keyword search. U.S. Department of Interior (Responsible for the Bureau of Indian Affairs) U.S. Department of Interior - email addresses Bureau of Indian Affairs U.S. Census Bureau Map of Native American Tribes, Culture Areas, and Linguistic Stocks Smithsonian Institution Native American Population Statistics US Census statitics for 1980 and 1990 compared for Native Americans Native American Socio-Economic Characteristics Education, Occupation, Income Tribal Leaders List and Agency Information Bureau of Indian Affairs U.S. Census Bureau General Information Native American Documents Project Cal State at San Marcos: Professor E. Schwartz Native American Constitution and Law Digitalization Project Tribal constitutions and codes are the heart of self-government for over 500 federally recognized tribes, and are the lifeblood of Indian sovereignty. The University of Oklahoma Law Center Library and the National Indian Law Library work with tribes whose government documents appear on this web site; these tribal documents are either placed online with the permission of the tribes, or they are U.S. Government documents, rightfully in the public domain. |
Custers Last Stand The Little Bighorn National Monument Battle of the Little Big Horn The Custer Battlefield National Monument 1986 The Little Big Horn Coverup Notes from The North American Indian E.S. Curtis The Battle of the Greasy Grass (c. 1898) by Mato Wanartaka (Lakota: 1846-1904). The Southwest Museum, Los Angeles The Battle of the Little Bighorn: Two Perspectives
Indian Memorial at Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument "If this memorial is to serve its total purpose, it must not only be a tribute to the dead, ; it must contain a mesage for the living...power through unity..." Enos Poor Bear, Sr. , Oglala Lakota Elder Killing Custer A review of the book by Blackfeet-Gros Ventre author James Welch Red Horse A Lakota account of the battle Kate Bighead A Cheyenne's woman's account of the battle Battles Biography George Armstrong Custer (1839 - 1876) by THE WEST TV Series Biography George Crook (1828 - 1890) by THE WEST TV Series Tom Custer Died Alongside Brother George The Little Bighorn-Description of the events of "Custer's Last Stand" by ES Curtis. The Army's greatest Indian fighter, George Crook, may have contributed to Custer's defeat at Little Bighorn. However, during his last years he campaigned vigorously on behalf of the Lakota Indians. Cheif Red Cloud once said: "Crook never lied to us. His words gave people hope". FILMS Crazy Horse (1996 Col.) TV-film Michael Greyeyes. Chief Crazy Horse (1955 Col.) PLOT Summary. Crazy Horse (1943) Crazy Horse and Custer - The Untold Story (1990) Biography Marcus A. Reno (1834 - 1889) by THE WEST TV Series Officer in charge of the only unit to survive the battle of the Little Bighorn. Biography John Gibbon (1827 - 1896) by THE WEST TV Series Infantry Commander with General Custer at the battle of Little Bighorn and commander at other battles. Biography of Alfred H. Terry (1827 - 1890) by THE WEST TV Series A military commander under general Custer. Biography Philip Sheridan (1831 - 1888) by THE WEST TV Series A ruthless general during the wars against the plains Indians, with no concern for casualties among innocent non-warriors. Little Bighorn Coverup |
THE TRAIL OF TEARS THE INDIAN REMOVAL ACT The Indian Removal Act, signed by President Andrew Jackson in 1830, required all tribes east of the Mississippi to cede their land to the U.S. government and migrate to the western plains. The journey west, called the "Trail of Tears," took its tool on the four southern nations (Choctaw, Chickasaw, Creek, and Cherokee) forced to move. Many Indians left behind comfortable homes and fertile farmlands, and one-third of the migrants perished in their new surroundings. This depiction of the Trail of Tears shows how little the Indians were able to take with them on their mandatory relocation. BY President Andrew Jackson - 1830 The Indian Removal Act of 1830 - The Trail of Tears Note: The Indian Removal Act empowered by president Andrew Jackson allowed the U.S. Government to move eastern Indians west of the Mississippi, mainly Cherokees. The purpose was to put pressure off arising conflicts since the flawed thinking was that the white settlements would never penetrate that part of the continent. The project was ill-conceived and culturally chauvinistic. Even the staunchest defenders of this act were admitting defeat at the time. In the spring and summer of 1838, more than 15,000 Cherokee were removed by the U.S. Army from their ancestral homelands in North Carolina, Georgia, Tennessee and Alabama. They were held in concentration camps through the summer and fall then forced to travel nearly 1,000 miles during an extremely harsh winter to Indian Territory in Oklahoma. It is estimated that almost 4,000 died of hunger, dysentery, exposure and other causes during the trek. Members of the tribe call the forced evacuation of their homelands and the horrendous journey "Nunahi-Duna-Dlo-Hilu-I", which translates to "Trail Where They Cried". The infamous removal concept was later refined into the reservation idea. The Trail Where They Cried Indian Territory in U.S. history, name applied to the country set aside for Native Americans by the Indian Intercourse Act (1834). In the 1820s, the Federal government began moving the Five Civilized Tribes (Cherokee, Creek, Seminole, Choctaw, and Chickasaw) of the Southeast to lands West of the Mississippi River. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 gave the President authority to designate specific lands for them, and in 1834 Congress formally approved the choice. The Indian Territory included present-day Oklahoma N and E of the Red River, as well as Kansas and Nebraska; the lands were delimited in 1854, however, by the creation of the Kansas and Nebraska territories. Tribes other than the original five also moved there, but each tribe maintained its own government. As white settlers continued to move westward, pressure to abolish the Indian Territory mounted. With the opening of W Oklahoma to whites in 1889 the way was prepared for the extinction of the territory, achieved in 1907 with the entrance of Oklahoma into the Union. nu na hi du na tlo hi lu i |
| TREATIES Treaty Between England and the Canadian Chippewas Treaties by Nation Native American Web Services (Nawebs) has published nearly 400 downloadable full-length treaties. Excellent resource. Fort laramie Treaty of 1868 with the Lakota and Dakota (Santee) Lakota Treaty of 1825: Teton River Lakota Treaty of 1825: Lookout River Lakota Treaty of 1851: Fort Laramie Agreement of 1882 with Lakota and Dakota People Federal Treaties Made with Individual Native Nations Alphabetical Gopher Listing U.S. Goverment Bills Concerning American Indians Big White Lies |
WOUNDED KNEE Wounded Knee (1890) Note: Wounded Knee Creek, Pine Ridge Indian Reservation, South Dakota December 29, 1890. For the Plains Indians this was the last act of defiance ending in a massacre carried out by Colonel James Forsyth's Seventh Cavalry. There would be no more battles but this 100+ years old memory is still a wound in many hearts. Perhaps the most famous Indian-fighting general in the U.S. Army at the time, General Nelson A. Miles, accused Forsyth of "blind stupidity or criminal indifference" and relieved him of command. General Miles called this "a useless slaughter of Indian women and children". But the war department, determined to portray this finalconfrontation of the Indian wars in a heroic light, stopped any further investigation of the incident. Wounded Knee: Historical facts and information - approved by traditional elders on the Pine Ridge and Cheyenne River reservations. Medals of dis-Honor Medals of dis-Honor Campaign An email campaign has been initiated so as to force the U.S. Government to rescind the twenty medals of dis-Honor awarded participants in the Massacre at Wounded Knee. Your help is solicited...an input form is provided for your convenience Lieutenant Bascom Gets His Due.. So proudly the Army displays it's flag with over 170 battle streamers at the Pentagon, White House, West Point Military Academy, museums and Army posts throughout the world. The Pine Ridge battle streamer has the highest number of Congressional Medals of (dis)Honor (20) of all the streamers... Use of the Army Flag at EPA Events: The September 1999 directive from the EPA Office of Civil Rights, and the memorandum from The American Indian Advisory Committee. Wounded Knee Survivors Association Testimony - Senate Hearing, September 1990 A Chronology of Events Leading Up to the 1890 Wounded Knee Massacre Note that the Massacre at Wounded Knee did not happen in a vacuum, it was not an unrelated incident. The fires of hatred and racism were fueled from many quarters and a volatility was building. Contributing a good deal of fuel were newspaper articles and editorials such as those mentioned below. "The death of Sitting Bull removes one of the obstacles to civilization...He was a greasy savage..." So reads an article published on Wednesday, Dec. 17, 1890 in the St. Louis Republic, St. Louis, Missouri. Writing in his newspaper the "The Aberdeen Saturday Pioneer", Aberdeen, South Dakota, L. Frank Baum opined with regard to the Indian Nations, that "We cannot honestly regret their extermination..." Thus fueled was the murderous firestorm that was Wounded Knee. Wasichu's Continuing Gall...the Buffalo Nickle Act Putting Enemy Heads On Pikes... a response to the Buffalo Nickle Act Wounded Knee Massacre with photos Wounded Knee Are we about to do it again? Turning Hawk and American Horse The Native account of the massacre Wovoka-The Messiah The Ghost Dance |
